MASIVAN : JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES
The contemporary sheep herding occupation of the Mullai landscape community and the challenges faced in it
A crucial stage in the intellectual evolution of humans, who once lived like animals, was the technique of domesticating animals. Humans domesticated animals for economic purposes, labor, meat, and hunting. A significant phase in this process was the rearing of cattle. The milk obtained from cows, and the curd, butter, and ghee derived from it, contributed to their economic development. The people who engaged in this occupation were the inhabitants of the Mullai region during the Sangam period. Cattle were considered the primary form of wealth for these people. That is, in the era of the barter system, cattle constituted wealth. Raiding and recovering cattle formed the basis of the first wars. It is also noteworthy that cattle were raised for meat. Studies suggest that the pastoral people who raised cattle during the Sangam period are the ancestors of the present-day shepherds, who continue to practice sheep herding as their caste-based occupation. Just as protecting cattle was a complex task during the Sangam period, shepherds today face various challenges in their sheep-herding profession.
ஆயர், இடையர், சங்க காலம், ஆடு மேய்த்தல், பெண், முல்லை
Copyright (c) 2026 MASIVAN : JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Self and imagery in the Ainkurunuru poems – based on Jacques Lacan
Sangam literature stands as a treasure trove that reveals the life and culture of the Tamils ​​to the world. These literary works have permeated the hearts of the Tamils ​​through symbols. The Sangam poets have depicted the lives of the hero and heroine through imagery. They have expressed their imaginative abilities by using natural objects as symbols for emotions of love. The fundamental basis for these symbols is language. It is this language that contains the signifiers. This is what Jacques Lacan refers to as encompassing everything. Jacques Lacan is a significant figure in psychology after Freud. His concepts of signifier and signified have had a profound impact on psychology. In this context, this article examines the role of language in the Sangam-era human life, which is structured by signifiers and signifieds, and the expressions of the hero and heroine through signifiers, based on the poems of Ainkurunuru.
Sangam, லக்கான், சுயம், பிம்பம், தலைவன், தலைவி, ஐங்குறுநூறு
The Tiger - Stabbed Stone – Based on field Research
Since the dawn of humanity, when humans lived in forests, they have worshipped nature and lived in fear of death. They developed the practice of creating funerary monuments for the deceased. One such type of monument is the dolmen. These dolmens are approximately three thousand years old, and they feature drawings and paintings. Subsequently, during the megalithic period, hero stones or memorial stones for the deceased came into existence. Tamil warriors protected their villages from enemies, and when enemies raided cattle, the warrior(s) would fight to recover the cattle and die a heroic death in battle. A warrior would also die a heroic death after protecting the village from invading enemies. A warrior would even sacrifice his life for the well-being of the king. In honor of these warriors who sacrificed their lives, the general public, the king, and their relatives erected hero stones. These warriors protected the people not only from enemies but also from wild animals, particularly tigers, safeguarding cattle and people, and dying a heroic death in the process. Hero stones were erected to commemorate such heroes.
Tiger-slaying stone, memorial stone, hero stone, Yelagiri Hills, Marimanapalli, புலிக்குத்திப்பட்டான் கல், நடுகல், வீரக்கல், ஏலகிரிமலை, மரிமானப்பள்ளி
Nilgiris household staples of the Paniyar people's
Humans have been using plant materials to meet their needs in some environment. Nutrients are essential to human life. From birth to death we live dependent on some object. Today, due to the change in civilization, the vegetable products that are intertwined with people's life and development are in a questionable state. Culture marks the inner state of human life, despite the fact that man fully realizes the great potential of natural resources, but its use is sidelined. External food, clothing and location describe objectivity. Civilization is shaking the world today. Even in this situation, the working people continue to use bamboo products without changing the culture.
Paniyar, Nilgiris, Folklore, household staples, Tamil.
Food system of Palanthamizhar in Human Values
This study examines the food culture of ancient Tamil society as depicted in Sangam literature and explores how these dietary practices reveal important human values such as sharing, ecological harmony, and social responsibility. Ancient Tamils lived in close connection with the natural environment, and their food habits were shaped by the landscapes of Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai. The paper analyzes literary evidence from works such as Akananuru, Purananuru, Nattrinai, and moral texts like Thirukkural to illustrate how food was not merely sustenance but a reflection of ethical living. The study documents various food sources—wild honey, edible roots, small creatures such as crabs, snails, and tortoises, along with agricultural produce like kollu, ulundu, avarai, varagu, and sesame. These reveal a diet that was seasonal, resource-conscious, and adapted to the environment. The preparation and consumption of traditional beverages such as kal (toddy) also highlight the social and cultural dynamics of the time, showing their role in hospitality, warrior life, and community gatherings. Additionally, the paper discusses how ancient Tamils shared food within families, villages, and among travelers, embodying values of generosity and compassion. The sustainable agricultural and culinary practices they followed demonstrate an early understanding of ecology and respect for biodiversity. Overall, the study concludes that the ancient Tamil food system was deeply rooted in simplicity, sustainability, and moral principles. Their food practices reveal a civilization that valued nature, community life, and ethical conduct, offering meaningful insights for contemporary discussions on culture, heritage, and sustainable living.
Ancient Tamil food culture; Sangam literature; human values; indigenous food systems; traditional diet; millet-based nutrition; pulses and legumes; ethnographic food studies; cultural ecology; natural food habits; communal food practices; pastoral and agrarian society; traditional fermentation; native beverages; literary anthropology; ecological lifestyle; early Tamil agriculture; food symbolism; heritage food studies; Tamil cultural history.
Sociological Ideas Manasu Sutriya Mavali by Pavalar Vaiyavan
Literature is a time mirror that highlights the biological positions of the people. This article examines the sociological thoughts featured in the collection of poems surrounding the mind of the Pawar Vaiyavan. In the smallest form, the sinner expresses his thoughts. Poetry of Pawar Vaiyavan points to the fact that the practice of today's social life, the risks of people face by the clutches of the service -based fields, and the complications of the sciences of the science industry. During this time, many works, such as poetry, essay, short story, novel, drama, travel literature, translation literature and correspondence, are published on the Internet and speaking on the Internet. Sociology describes human society, social relations, behaviors and lifestyle in scientific view.
மனித உறவுகளின் மனப்பாங்கு, பாலின சமத்துவம், வணிக மேலாதிக்கம், கல்விச் சூழல், உழைப்புச் சுரண்டல், ஊடகத்தின் போக்கு, வேளாண் பதிவுகள்
Copyright (c) 2025 MASIVAN : JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nourishing Identity: Food's Role in Diasporic Experiences in La-hiri's 'A Temporary Matter' and 'When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine'
Food forms a fundamental element in the cycle of life, influencing not only individual behavior but also shaping the actions of communities and entire societies. For immigrants and those living away from their homeland, food plays a crucial role in preserving identity. Di-asporic literature—works created by writers residing outside their country of origin—often re-flects this connection. This paper analyzes how food plays a significant role in exploring di-asporic themes within two short stories from Jhumpa Lahiri's renowned collection, Interpreter of Maladies: "A Temporary Matter" and "When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine." The central aim of this study is to explore how food symbolically shapes and reflects the diasporic experiences portrayed in these narratives. In “A Temporary Matter,” Lahiri por-trays a couple dealing with emotional distance following a personal tragedy, where food serves as a symbolic representation of their changing relationship, with meal preparation and con-sumption mirroring their inner emotional landscapes. In contrast, “When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine” highlights cultural dislocation against a backdrop of political unrest, using shared meals as a medium for connection and remembrance of home. This paper emphasizes the sensory and emotional roles food plays in these stories, of-fering insight into how Lahiri intricately weaves culinary imagery to represent the complexities faced by diasporic individuals. Ultimately, the analysis seeks to show how Lahiri’s nuanced portrayal of food functions as a powerful metaphor for the broader diasporic journey, enriching the conversation on the role of food in diasporic literature.
food, cultural displacement, diasporic identity, metaphor, emotional states, strained marriage
Exploring Identity and Immigration in Bharathi Mukherjee’s Novels
Bharathi Mukherjee’s novels offer a profound exploration of identity through the lens of immi-gration, cultural heritage, and personal transformation. This article examines key themes across her works, including the fluidity of identity, gender norms, assimilation, and resilience. In ‘Jasmine’, Mukherjee illustrates the protagonist’s transformative journey between her Punjabi roots and American experiences, highlighting the complexities of self-reinvention. ‘Wife’ cri-tiques traditional gender roles and their impact on personal autonomy, while ‘Leave It to Me’ delves into the challenges of reconciling adopted and biological identities. ‘The Holder of the World’ explores how historical legacies shape personal identity, and ‘Desirable Daughters’ portrays the empowerment and resilience of three sisters navigating cultural expectations. Mukherjee’s nuanced storytelling provides a deep understanding of how individuals negotiate their cultural heritage and personal aspirations. Through her empathetic and insightful narra-tives, Mukherjee addresses universal themes of identity and belonging, offering valuable per-spectives on the immigrant experience and the ongoing quest for self-discovery. Her work re-mains relevant for its ability to connect with readers on fundamental questions of identity and cultural integration.
Immigrant experience, cultural heritage, identity transformation, gender norms, personal em-powerment
Rituals have existed since the time of man. Rituals have occupied a place that has not been removed. Rituals are also part of the manifestation of the human race. All rituals are expressed emotionally based on beliefs. Rituals are divided into two categories life rituals and death rituals. The ritual performed at the end of life is the death ritual. These are also called funeral rituals and funeral rites. The purpose of performing these rituals is to express unbearable grief. The deceased are considered gods and guide their family, and many rituals are performed to break the relation-ship between the family and him and reach the feet of God. These rituals, such as breaking coconuts, applying ghee, bringing water, pouring khoti, having grandchildren tie ghee, changing clothes, pouring money, burying, keeping the ashes in holy places, etc., vary according to the place where they live and according to caste, religion and clan.
சடங்கு, பழங்குடி, ஆவிகள், இறப்பு, வழிபாடு, Ritual,Tribe, Spirits, Death, Worship
Life records of the Kudinavitar in the novel Neevali Padoom
The life and history of the marginalized people, who are known by many names such as Navitar, Ambattaiyar, Pariyar, etc., are discussed in the novel Neeravai Paduum. The Kudi Navitars were the original doctors, soldiers, astrologers, and worshippers. During the period when the Varnasirma Dharma entered Tamil Nadu, these people were forced to do only the profession of hair cutting. Similarly, female Nasuwattis were the doctors and midwives for women. At the same time, they were people with great love and humanity for their fellow human beings. But it is worth noting that this has changed after the emergence of caste. The role of Vedic religion in completely eliminating medical knowledge and establishing them as cultural slaves is immense. Similarly, the backward caste plays an important role in exploiting them. In this way, the novel Neeravai Paduum records the real life of the Navitars.
குடிநாவிதர், காருமாமா, ஒப்பாரி, நாவல், மருத்துவம்
The Tamil language, also known as Tamizh, is a timeless symbol of cultural identity, historical nuance, and intellectual depth that goes beyond simple communication. This essay investigates Tamizh’s ongoing vitality and tenacity in the face of contemporary linguistic influences and socio-political difficulties. With its roots in an unbroken literary history that stretches back thousands of years, Tamizh continues to be used in its social and holy contexts in addition to being spoken and written. The language has long been entwined with culture, science, and everyday life, as evidenced by temples that revere it as divine, great literature like Thirukkural that is admired throughout the world, and buildings like the Grand Anicut and musical temples that attest to the Tamizh people’s inventiveness. However, the forced growth of Hindi and the supremacy of English in modern culture pose existential challenges. This essay contends that intergenerational transmission and diasporic pride preserve Tamizh language purity and cultural significance in spite of code-switching movements like “Tanglish”.
Murugavel's novel Punaipaavai: Kulakuriyam
In the Sangam period society, the five land-based lifestyles identified the themes of the five regions. These themes have become established as the tribal symbols of those people. In this, all the themes except God point to the object. They had a materialistic mindset. The advent of religions moved the tribal symbols that had a materialistic basis into the ideological mindset. In it, people who had a tribal lifestyle were forced to become caste groups and identify themselves as superior and inferior instead of distinguishing themselves from others. On this basis, this article is a way of examining the tribal symbols of the tribal people seen in the fictional novel by I. Murugavel.
குலக்குறியம், புனைப்பாவை, ஜார்ஜ் தாம்சன், சமூகம், இனக்குழு
Representation of Women and Women’s discourse in Novel Arukattuthurai
Literature serves as a reflection of society, capturing the complexities of human experience and the cultural contexts in which it is produced. This study undertakes a critical examination of the construction of femininity in Tamilselvi's novel AruKaattuthurai, with a specific focus on the protagonist Samuthiravalli. Drawing on the theoretical framework of Mary Ellman, a pioneering feminist literary critic, this research explores how the novel perpetuates or subverts patriarchal notions of womanhood. Ellman's seminal work highlights the repetitive patterns of female characterization in literature, revealing the ways in which societal attitudes towards women are reflected and reinforced through literary representations. Through a feminist critique informed by Ellman's insights, this study analyses the character of Samuthiravalli, examining how the author's subconscious biases shape the feminine construct and whether the character serves as a voice for feminine experience. By deconstructing the literary representation of women in AruKaattuthurai, this research
Feminism, Feminist Criticism, Literary Representation, Patriarchy, Womanhood, Mary Ellman, Tamilselvi, AruKaattuthurai, Samuthiravalli, Gender Dynamics, Literary Analysis
Depictions of Contemporary Indian Society and Culture in the Novels of Vikas Swarup and Aravind Adiga
This study offers a comparative analysis of the works of Aravind Adiga and Vikas Swarup, highlighting their literary engagement with a range of contemporary societal issues in India. It examines how both authors, through distinct narrative voices, reflect the universality of human experience while presenting nuanced portrayals of modern Indian society. The paper explores the ways, in which individuals confront present-day challenges, drawing attention to the authors' unique yet overlapping perspectives on social realities. Their novels vividly depict social struggles, personal conflicts, and pressing socio-cultural concerns, providing valuable insight into India's rapidly transforming social landscape. Through a lens of social realism, Adiga and Swarup authentically represent the complexities of Indian life, a quality that has earned them international acclaim and literary recognition. Their narratives, encompassing both novels and short stories, serve as powerful commentaries on the evolving fabric of Indian society.
Evolving Indian society, Indian culture, tradition, developments and challenges
The Changing Landscape and The Climate’s Fury In Amitav Ghosh’s Gun Island
Ghosh reflects the connection between today’s climate crisis and the Gun Merchant to highlight the ties between the past and the present to identify the origin of the crisis. The novel encounters the war between profit and nature that defines the modern world. Deen comes to know about the merchant from Nilam Bose, an elderly woman who had a trust and once visited the Shrine herself. The novel explains the extraordinary event in an ordinary human experience. Initially, Deen faces a challenge in learning to cope up with the experience and to connect with the human and nonhuman. Ghosh connects the Sundarbans forest scene with Salman Rushdie’s ‘Midnight Children’ where the protagonist Saleem Sinai takes refuge among the nonhumans. The novel reflects the scientific perspectives of climate change through the character Piya, a Bengali American marine biologist. When Nilima is in the Sundarbans, Piya visits the place from Kolkata to look over her research project. Deen meets Piya at Nilima’s lace before he visits to the Sundarbans. Piya acts as a center point to Deen long term friend Cinta, an Italian academic and renowned scholar of Venetian history, represents the spirit of science to explain the effect of climate change.
Tempations Caused by Lotus Eaters and Circe’s Feast in Homer’s “Odyssey”
The comparison of food and literature reveals how these themes penetrate all human experiences. This paper examines the temptations of food and alcohol and their repercussions in Homer's Odyssey. Odysseus and his crew encounter the Lotus-Eaters, a tribe of people who live on an island and eat lotus flowers. Those who eat the lotus have no desire to return home and prefer to stay on the island, basking in the lotus' bliss. This threatens Odysseus' mission since his men risk growing arrogant and losing sight of their goal. In addition, the gang visits Circe's enchanted castle, which is a feasting site where Odysseus and his crew are enticed with lavish food and drink, resulting in temptation. Odysseus and his companions encounter the evil witch Circe on the island of Aeaea. Circe transforms the crew into pigs, but Odysseus defeats her sorcery with the help of the god Hermes and his own wits, forcing her to restore his men to human form. Circe then becomes Odysseus' ally, guiding him through the upcoming challenges and providing valuable information about his mission. This article explores the themes of change, temptation, and the importance of cleverness and resilience in the face of supernatural hardship.
Temptation, Self-control, Feast, Desire, Pleasure
Can Art Undo Real-Life Damage? A Study of Ian McEwan’s “Atonement”
Abstract Art serves as a potent tool for distillation trauma, safeguarding memories and providing symbolic opportunities for healing. This paper explores the question of Can art undo real-life damage? It investigates that creative expression can repair emotional, psychological or social harm by examining literary fiction and visual art practices. While real life consequences may remain unchanged it cannot be changed just by confronting but this paper argues that art creates a reflective space where understanding, mourning and even moral transformation can happen. Through examples like Ian McEwan’s Atonement, Picasso’s Guernica and modern trauma therapy, this journal illustrates how art can offer recognition and restoration but not reversal.
Social Status During The Times of Sangam Female Poets Anchil Anjiyaar and Varumulaiyaaraththiyaar
More than forty female poets have been lived in sanga literarture period. The songs talk about the place of women in the society of that time and their social problems. In this way, the songs of two female poets, Anzil Anjiyar and Varumulaiyarathiyar, reveal the social position of the Sangam women. Women are also engaged in various professions to advance economic development at par with men for the development of society and family. Not only that, the songs of the two poets show that women lived in high and low status in the society of that time. The article explores the social situation of the time, the problems faced by women in it, and its culture.
Culture, Sangam literature, Female poet, Kalavu, Karpu, பண்பாடு,சங்க இலக்கியம், பெண்பாற் புலவர்கள், களவு, கற்பு
Biological elements in Porunaratruppadai
Sanga literature is referred to as Pattu Thogai. In this, Pattu means ten literature and Thogai means eightfold. A large part of the Pattuppat is composed of Aarthupadai texts. In these books, the poets explain about the kings, their hospitality, the food and clothing of the citizens, and the elements of life through people like Panar, Virali, Porunan etc. Aartuppadai literature is a time-piece that explains the various phases of the life of artists like Panar, Virali, Prativana, etc. Porunan's life in a state of poverty with his neighbors, Karikaal Peruvalathan's love for artists like Porunan, the richness of the river Cauvery, the mind-blowing amount of land resources, and the fact that women composed music and sang songs can be known through Porunaratupadai. When Porunan and his entourage were traveling in the land of milk, the milky water was enough to make them faint if they met the people on the way. The high morals of the ancient people were that others like them should also get all the riches they got. This article shows that the people of that time lived a long life in poverty.
Karikalan, Porunar, Sanga Ilakkiyam, Biologocal, Yazh, Marudham Land, கரிகாலன், பொருநர், சங்க இலக்கியம், வாழ்வியல், யாழ், மருத நிலம்.
Pathikam and Payiramarabu TradItion in Tamil
The Tamil literature has followed a traditional grammatical system. It describes the method of composing the book, the beginning of the book and the nature of the book. Among them, the Padika tradition and the Payira tradition are noteworthy. One of the oldest classical literatures of the Tamil language is the singing of songs about a single subject in a single verse called Pathika. During the Sangam period, the Pathika system can be seen in the Pathitruppattu and Aingurunutra. As a stage of its development, Karaikkal Ammaiyarelangattu composed the book called Vuththira Thirupatipikam for the first time. Bhavanandiyar, as the tradition of Payira, states that although the Pathika system appeared in the Sangam period, it gained special influence in Tamil only after the emergence of the Alvars and Nayanmars.
பாயிரம், பதிகம், நன்னூல், மரபு, நன்னூல், பொதுப்பாயிரம், சிறப்புப் பாயிரம், Paiyaram, Pathikam, Nannool, Genealogy, Nannool, General Paiyaram, Special Paiyaram
The Food Culture of the Tamils and Some Understanding
Food is the most basic need of the human race. We know from anthropological research that food culture has developed silently in the context of human civilization passing through various stages. Food is not only physical. It is also mental and cultural. The ancient Tamils ​​fulfilled their needs without any deficiency with the types of food grown in the environment in which they lived. It can be seen that the habit of eating without luxury and simplicity was prevalent among the ancient Tamils. The ancient Tamils ​​developed their food culture according to the need and production of food according to the land, water, environment and seasonal changes in which they lived. They not only ate that food themselves but also enjoyed giving it to others. This article attempts to examine this with some understanding based on the records contained in the ancient Tamil literary songs.
Food culture of Ancient Tamil, Food in Tholkappiyam, Ancient Tamil foods, பழந்தமிழனின் உணவுப்பண்பாடு, தொல்காப்பியத்தில் உணவு, பண்டைய தமிழரின் உணவுகள், சமையல் வகைகள்.
Mechanisms of Power and Repression in Kongu Regional Innovations
Caste is established as a part of society. Human society depends on it for movement, even if it is not included in open discourse today. Although the idea that living and non-living things are one in the balance of nature has been taught, the ideology that human society is superior continues to gain momentum. The moment human society refuses to realize that nature is superior to man, the balance of nature is disturbed. In Indian society, the hierarchies between human societies divide political human sentiments. Caste ideology has a major impact on this division even today. In this the Kongu region is identified by the Sangha literature as a suitable terrain with Kurinji and Mullai lands. Marut land-based livelihood values ​​are minimal. But in the Maruta land-based lifestyle, the dominant society that has constructed land as a form of power has been establishing itself as a symbol of the Kongu region. It can be seen that modern literary forms have been formed and developed in the presence of the dominant X margin. In this, it can be seen that the dominant caste is taking advantage of the machinery of power to maintain their position of power and expressing monopolistic power oppression on the lives of the marginalized. This article seeks to explain the power politics that take place between this dominance X margin.
Caste, Gender, Kongu, Innovations, Man, Oppression, சாதியம், பாலினம், கொங்கு, புதினங்கள், மனிதன், அடக்குமுறை
Language has undergone many changes over time. At the same time, it can be seen that language has adapted to the geographical environment. Language was formed by human labor, and after the discovery of agriculture, it became settled and moved around for trade and industry, and language mixing became inevitable. During the Sangam period, the Sangam hymns have recorded the situation where trade goods from many countries like Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China entered the Tamil territory. Similarly, Tamil scholars have pointed out that language mixing has also occurred. The mixing of these languages ​​with the Tamil language is not complicated. However, what is debatable is the authority that a language is sacred. Sanskrit identified itself as the language of the gods and declared Tamil as a vulgar language. From here, the discourse of language purity becomes politics. With this, it is inevitable that the ideology that written literature is superior and folk literature is inferior has been established. That is, those who learned to write and wrote and sang were intelligent. The trend of dismissing songs sung by illiterate people as lay songs began to take hold. Tolkappiyam emphasizes speech and promotes writing as a consequence. But it is painful that most Tamil scholars continue to approach Tolkappiyam from the source.
Tamil, Regional, Saivism, Vaishnavism, Education, Grammar
Role of Father in Sangam Poems (Agapadalkal)
Classical literature is the lifeblood of the Tamils. Classical literature consists of eight books in ettuthogai and ten books in pathupattu and including 18 books names of pathinenkilkanakku. And these included Silapathikaram, Manimegalai, Iraiyanar Kalaviyal Urai, Tholkappiyam, Muthollayiram of 5 other books totalling 41 books. In those ettuthogai books Narrinai ,kurunthogai, Iynkurunooru, kalithogai, Aggananurru are aggapaddalkal. In Sangam literature the role of the father was not defined in the form of “coorru murai “ especially in Tamil grammar. While the Sangam period and the pre-Sanga period highlighted the matrilineal society, it is possible to understand to some extent the position of the father in Sangam literature when studies have highlighted the reason for the emergence of a father-dominated society at the end of the period .After Researching over the concept, the role of the father and his social statues is defined in this article. In Sangam literature the book “Narrinai” is the mainstream of the article. It would be concluded ‘who is father’ and ‘what is the role of father’ in the view of hero in Sangam poems .In the Sangam literature, the word 'father', the word 'entai', the word 'nundai' are the definitions of the number of words and the place and importance of the father. Since the study is based on the Narrinai, the word 'father' appears in 12 hymns in the Narrinai. It is worth knowing the way in which the father's social value is expressed by the SevliThai (The second mother), the tholizh(The Friend), and the Thaliavan (The lover).
தந்தை, சமூக மதிப்பு, நற்றிணை, செல்வநிலை, கூற்று, தலைவன், தலைவி , தோழி, வாழியர், தொழில், மாண்பு
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
While the Sangha literatures have recorded five types of life, the article analyzed the conditions of life of the people living in these land groups. The study of people's lives written in one of the Aartuppadai books, Perumbanaartuppadai, was included. A Panan received as a gift from Thondaiman Ilanthirayan. This song is about comforting a Panan who wants to receive a gift from Thontaiman Ilanthirayan sung by Uruthirang Kannan of Kadiyalur.In this book, the life s of many people like Panars, merchants, cowherds, weavers have been revealed. Among them, what is the life of merchants called Einar, Panar, Umanar and Wambalar etc. has been studied. The women's skills revealed through the news such as the women collecting rice, the women selling salt, the kurambai, the houses of Einar built with Large walls Aran, the hospitality of Eyinar, etc.The views expressed include the high status of the businessman.
பெரும்பாணாற்றுப்படை உணர்த்தும் பாணனின் நிலை, எயினர், எயினி முதலானோரின் வாழ்நிலை, உமணர், வம்பலர், அவர்தம் வணிகம், எயினர் வாழிட வேறுபாடு. The status of Panan, Perumpanatrupadai Einir, Einii Mudalanor's living condition, Umanar, Vambalar, their business, Einar's place of residence.
Gender Discrimination Based on Female Birth - Presenting Vasanthi Novels
The human race created by nature is a composite body with equal contribution of both sexes, male and female. However, certain norms and customs established by society over time have been constructed differently for both sexes. These structures were designed to make men superior and women inferior, thus relegating the female gender to a secondary status that continues today. The idea that female children are an economic burden in the society is still rooted in the society due to this structural system. Based on this, in Vasanthi's novels, the female child is destroyed while still in the mother's womb, and the female children who escape the womb murder and die of starvation and the girls who escape these two stages are sheltered in orphanages. Based on gender difference, this article aims to clarify the ability to analyze the reason why the birth of male children is welcomed and the reason why the birth of female children is hated and to highlight the methods to eliminate this.
Gender, Femicide, Female Feticide, Individual Qualification Status, பாலினம், பெண்கருக்கொலை, பெண்சிசுக்கொலை, தனிமனிதத் தகுதி நிலை
Unveiling Feminist Narratives in Ruth Prawer Jhabvala's The Householder
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala's novel, The Householder, explores the intricacies of gender dynamics and societal expectations in post-independence India. The novel engages with themes that resonate deeply with feminist perspectives. It portrays the life of Prem, a young newlywed college teacher, navigating the complexities of tradition and modernity, and his wife Indu, who struggles with the constraints of familial duties and personal aspirations. Jhabvala's narrative faintly critiques traditional gender roles and patriarchal structures found in the Indian society. Through Indu's journey, the novel exposes the tensions between societal expectations and individual freedom, particularly focusing on the challenges faced by women striving for autonomy within traditional marital and familial frameworks. The depiction of Indu's internal conflicts and external pressures reflects broader feminist concerns about women's authority and identity. This research paper examines how Jhabvala's The Householder contributes to feminist discourse by illuminating the struggles and triumphs of women negotiating their identities and roles in a society undergoing rapid transformation. By analyzing the novel's themes of autonomy, tradition, and modernity, it seeks to deepen the understanding of the evolving status of women and the complexities of relations in the society.
The Householder, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, feminism, female autonomy, gender dynamics, gender roles
Cultural Geography in Paripaadal : River Vaigai in Perspective
Abstract In every landscape of the world, primitive man lived a life in harmony with nature. Then, as a result of creating the things necessary for his life from nature, he has reached the stage of cultural development as a civilized human race, different from other creatures. Since culture is adapted to the land structure where people lived, it is clear that culture found in a particular land is different from other lands because of the land structure in which it was formed. Also, it is significant that the culture differs from land to land, as the hilly Kurinji land is full of animals and birds, where ‘hunting’ is the primary occupation, and the field-based Marutha land is a plain, where ‘farming’ is the primary occupation. So it is clear that culture has been associated with the land system where man lives. The Sangam literature, which records the ancient history of Tamil people, depicts the way of life of the Sangha Tamil people in association with the Tamil land they lived in. In those literatures, Tamil land is classified into five types of land namely Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neythal and Paalai. Based on that, it is possible to learn about the natural environment in those lands and the way of life of the people that has evolved from it. Among the Sangam literatures that describe the bond between nature and man, Paripaadal, which is placed as the fifth text, that elaborates the cultural history of Madurai, one of the cultural regions of South Tamilnadu. It is possible to know that there were three types of land in Madurai. They were located in Madurai as three lands namely Kurinji which is hilly, Mullai which is forest and Marutham which is river plain. All three types of land are mentioned in Paripaadal as Tiruparangunram, Thirumaliruncholaimalai and Vaiyai Aaru respectively. The natural resources of those lands have also contributed to the cultural development of Madurai. Among them, the land structure of the Vaiyai River has been the primary factor for the social, political and economic development of Madurai. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore the Vaiyai land system and the water-based cultures that it created, using the approach of "cultural geography" which examines the relationship between people and the land as Paripaadal explains the land structure and its cultures of Madurai.
பண்பாட்டு நிலவியல் (cultural Geography),நில அமைப்பு (landscape), நிலவியல் தீர்மானவாதம் (geographical determinism), புனல்விழா, இடவியல் ஆய்வு, நீரங்காடி